Two disruptive developments are happening in the private transport propulsion and power generation area. Electric vehicles (EVs) are poised to replace an increasing share of traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles. Meanwhile, photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are also entering into the power generation scene as a promising renewable source of energy. Both technologies are encouraged...

The potential harm caused by oil dependence and uncertain supply can be seen as a form of vulnerability. This paper develops and applies new approaches to better understand oil vulnerability and its spatial patterning.