This report is the Australia case study of an ambitious year-long CSIS initiative to analyse China’s influence activities in Australia and Japan, and Russian influence activities in the United Kingdom and Germany.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shed new light on Russian and Chinese influence activities and created new opportunities for Moscow and Beijing to advance geopolitical goals through a range of influence operations, including through disinformation efforts. This research paper explores Russian influence activities in the United Kingdom and Germany, and Chinese influence activities in Japan and...