In the past 10 years, there has been a rapid proliferation of publicly available tools and applications using artificial intelligence (AI). Using Australian data, this report measured the perceived frequency of AI-enabled crimes and which specific technologies pose the greatest perceived risk of victimisation. The findings highlight priority areas for industry safeguards and public education.

The increasing availability of illicit, untraceable and unregistered privately manufactured 3D-printed firearms poses a significant safety risk to frontline law enforcement officers and the community at large. Using data from a large national survey, the authors measured exposure to digital firearms products being sold online.

Understanding the complex interplay between substance use and criminal activity is important in informing law enforcement and health strategies aimed at reducing drug-related crime. The extent to which substance use contributes to offending has been measured using Australian data. The findings estimate the total number of principal offences attributable to different substances.

This report is the fifth iteration in a series of attempts to calculate the costs of serious and organised crime to Australia. Serious and organised crime was estimated to cost Australia between $35.5b and $82.3b in 2023–24. These figures represent the substantial and pervasive economic impact of serious and organised crime on Australia.

Espionage has become one of the most significant national security threats to Australia, impacting government, businesses and the university sector. The highly secretive nature of espionage makes it extremely difficult to measure. This study estimates, for the first time, the actual and prevented costs of espionage.