This research estimates that more than $1 billion in profits was shifted out of Africa to tax havens by Australian mining companies in just one year (2015) – equating to up to almost $300 million in tax revenue that could have been used for vital services, such as schools and hospitals.

A lack of transparency and accountability in the awarding of mining sector licences, permits and contracts – the first stage in the mining value chain – is a root cause of corruption in the mining sector. Yet other initiatives to improve governance and prevent corruption in extractive industries (oil, gas and mining) do not focus...