In an era defined by a global climate of radical uncertainty – exemplified by political developments in the United States – this report reveals the depth and breadth of the challenges facing democratic governance worldwide. The report documents a troubling trend: more than half of all countries assessed have declined in at least one key aspect of democratic performance over the past five years.

It finds that Representation, Rights, Rule of law and Participation – the four pillars of democracy – are under strain, with unprecedented global declines in judicial independence, press freedom and electoral integrity. Among the four categories, performance was strongest overall in Representation.

The report also explores the profound implications of global migration for democracy and democratic institutions. With 304 million people now living outside their country of birth, questions of belonging, rights and participation are more urgent than ever. Focusing on the technical, legal and institutional dimensions of voting rights for citizens abroad, it shows how inclusive out-of-country voting can strengthen democratic resilience – yet also warns that participation remains low and policies often inadequate.

Key findings

• In 2024, 94 countries – representing 54% of all countries assessed – suffered a decline in at least one factor of democratic performance compared with their own performance five years earlier.
• In contrast, only 55 countries (32%) advanced in at least one factor over that period.
• Within the Rights category, the most extensive global decline occurred in freedom of the press.
• Participation remained relatively stable, with only 11 countries experiencing notable changes when comparing 2024 to 2019.